Cathepsin B: The dawn of tumor therapy.

Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a key lysosomal protease that plays a crucial role in the development of cancer. This article elucidates the relationship between CTSB and cancer from the perspectives of its structure, function, and role in tumor growth, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and autophagy. Further, we summarized the research progress of cancer treatment related drugs targeting CTSB, as well as the potential and advantages of Traditional Chinese medicine in treating tumors by regulating the expression of CTSB.

Energy metabolism: A critical target of cardiovascular injury.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main killers threatening human health. Many studies have shown that abnormal energy metabolism plays a key role in the occurrence and development of acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases. Regulating cardiac energy metabolism is a frontier topic in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, we are not very clear about the choice of different substrates, the specific mechanism of energy metabolism participating in the course of cardiovascular disease, and how to develop appropriate drugs to regulate energy metabolism to treat cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this paper reviews how energy metabolism participates in cardiovascular pathophysiological processes and potential drugs aimed at interfering energy metabolism.It is expected to provide good suggestions for promoting the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases from the perspective of energy metabolism.

Effects of total daily physical activity on health improving among adolescents with metabolically unhealthy obesity / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effect of all day physical activity in a 4 week closed training camp on the improvement of body composition and cardiovascular metabolic risk in metabolic unhealthy obese adolescents (MUO), so as to provide stronger evidence for the health promotion of obese adolescents with different metabolic states.@*Methods@#From July to August 2019, 58 obese adolescents aged 10-17 years from a closed training camp in Shenzhen were recruited and their body composition, blood pressure,lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose before admission were measured. They were divided into MUO group( n =31) and metabolic healthy obese (MHO) group( n =27). Using an Actigraphw GT3xBT triaxial accelerometer, the physical activity of the two groups during the whole day from 9:00 to 19:00 in a closed training camp for four weeks was recorded. After the conclusion of the camp, the above indicators were detected to compare the differences between the two groups before and after the intervention and the changes within the group.@*Results@#A total of 51.6% of MUO adolescents transitioned to MHO adolescents; Body weight, BMI Z score, body fat mass, SBP, TG, HDL-C, and FPG had time×group significant interactions( F=11.25, 11.25, 11.04, 4.89, 16.75, 5.92 , 5.57, P <0.05). The main effect of the group showed that before entering the camp, the BMI Z score, SBP, TG, and FPG in the MUO group were higher than those in the MHO group, while the HDL-C was lower than those in the MHO group( F=5.60, 6.62 , 20.21, 10.17, 31.04, P <0.05). The main effect of time showed that the body weight, BMI Z score, body fat mass, SBP, and TG of both groups decreased significantly( P <0.05), and HDL-C only showed a significant increase in the MUO group( P < 0.01 ). There was no significant change in FPG in both groups before and after intervention( P >0.05). The time×group interactions of body fat ratio, DBP, TC, and LDL-C was not significant( P >0.05), and the main effect of the group was not significant( P > 0.05 ), the main effect of time was significant( P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#Increased physical activity in the form of closed training camps can help MUO adolescents reduce fat, MUO adolescents should increase physical activity in their daily life to reduce the risk of cardiovascular metabolic diseases.

Evaluation criteria of moderate to vigorous physical activity in overweight or obese adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To verify the current cut off points of physical activity intensity for adolescents to assess moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among overweight or obese adolescents.@*Methods@#The total activity counts, heart rate and steps indicators most commonly used to reflect physical activity intensity were adopted, and a total of 15 MVPA cut off points standards for adolescents were included. Ninety four overweight or obese adolescents were tested for walking and running at 3-7 km/h in a free state, while simultaneously wearing MetaMax 3B gas metabolism analyzer, polar belt and actigraph w-GT3x BT triaxial accelerometer to collect energy consumption and activities count, heart rate and steps. Kappa consistency test and paired χ 2 test were used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#Kappa consistency coefficients (0.27-0.53) <0.60 between all cut off points standards and the "gold standard" and the P <0.01, indicating that the consistency is varied and not strong. In the standard diagnosis of each cut points, low sensitivity (49.11-67.59), high specificity (92.50-97.65), high - LR (0.14-0.52, >0.1) and low DOR (8.26-25.19, <30) indicated high rate of misdiagnosis. Low specificity (36.75-69.41), high sensitivity (84.82-96.36) and low + LR (1.52- 9.83 , <10) indicated a high rate of misdiagnosis; AUC of 0.67-0.80 suggested lower diagnostic performance.@*Conclusion@#Existing physical activity intensity cut off points for overweight or obese adolescents were not consistent with MVPA and have low diagnostic capabilities. The following criteria of MVPA for overweight or obese adolescents are supposed.

Research on a learning rate with energy index in deep learning.

The stochastic gradient descent algorithm (SGD) is the main optimization solution in deep learning. The performance of SGD depends critically on how learning rates are tuned over time. In this paper, we propose a novel energy index based optimization method (EIOM) to automatically adjust the learning rate in the backpropagation. Since a frequently occurring feature is more important than a rarely occurring feature, we update the features to different extents according to their frequencies. We first define an energy neuron model and then design an energy index to describe the frequency of a feature. The learning rate is taken as a hyperparameter function according to the energy index. To empirically evaluate the EIOM, we investigate different optimizers with three popular machine learning models: logistic regression, multilayer perceptron, and convolutional neural network. The experiments demonstrate the promising performance of the proposed EIOM compared with that of other optimization algorithms.

A Two-Stream Deep Fusion Framework for High-Resolution Aerial Scene Classification.

One of the challenging problems in understanding high-resolution remote sensing images is aerial scene classification. A well-designed feature representation method and classifier can improve classification accuracy. In this paper, we construct a new two-stream deep architecture for aerial scene classification. First, we use two pretrained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as feature extractor to learn deep features from the original aerial image and the processed aerial image through saliency detection, respectively. Second, two feature fusion strategies are adopted to fuse the two different types of deep convolutional features extracted by the original RGB stream and the saliency stream. Finally, we use the extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier for final classification with the fused features. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture is tested on four challenging datasets: UC-Merced dataset with 21 scene categories, WHU-RS dataset with 19 scene categories, AID dataset with 30 scene categories, and NWPU-RESISC45 dataset with 45 challenging scene categories. The experimental results demonstrate that our architecture gets a significant classification accuracy improvement over all state-of-the-art references.

Improved GGIW-PHD filter for maneuvering non-ellipsoidal extended targets or group targets tracking based on sub-random matrices.

For non-ellipsoidal extended targets and group targets tracking (NETT and NGTT), using an ellipsoid to approximate the target extension may not be accurate enough because of the lack of shape and orientation information. In consideration of this, we model a non-ellipsoidal extended target or target group as a combination of multiple ellipsoidal sub-objects, each represented by a random matrix. Based on these models, an improved gamma Gaussian inverse Wishart probability hypothesis density (GGIW-PHD) filter is proposed to estimate the measurement rates, kinematic states, and extension states of the sub-objects for each extended target or target group. For maneuvering NETT and NGTT, a multi-model (MM) approach based GGIW-PHD (MM-GGIW-PHD) filter is proposed. The common and the individual dynamics of the sub-objects belonging to the same extended target or target group are described by means of the combination between the overall maneuver model and the sub-object models. For the merging of updating components, an improved merging criterion and a new merging method are derived. A specific implementation of prediction partition with pseudo-likelihood method is presented. Two scenarios for non-maneuvering and maneuvering NETT and NGTT are simulated. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Improving deep convolutional neural networks with mixed maxout units.

Motivated by insights from the maxout-units-based deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that "non-maximal features are unable to deliver" and "feature mapping subspace pooling is insufficient," we present a novel mixed variant of the recently introduced maxout unit called a mixout unit. Specifically, we do so by calculating the exponential probabilities of feature mappings gained by applying different convolutional transformations over the same input and then calculating the expected values according to their exponential probabilities. Moreover, we introduce the Bernoulli distribution to balance the maximum values with the expected values of the feature mappings subspace. Finally, we design a simple model to verify the pooling ability of mixout units and a Mixout-units-based Network-in-Network (NiN) model to analyze the feature learning ability of the mixout models. We argue that our proposed units improve the pooling ability and that mixout models can achieve better feature learning and classification performance.